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西内谈到太阳能总是滔滔不绝，但我只想说几件事，如果你想了解更多，你可以读一下我在自然桥学到的东西，我已经把它们放在我们的网站上了。
Sine’s the one who could probably talk your ear off about solar, but I’ll just say a couple things and if you want more you can read the stuff I picked up at Natural Bridges. I put it on our website.

首先，纪念碑的天然石桥又大又漂亮。一张图片胜过千言万语，所以我将把这个任务交给奥拉了。
First off, the natural stone bridges at the Monument are big and beautiful. A picture is worth a thousand words so I’m going to leave that to Aura.

至于太阳能，以下是一些基本常识：硅板面向太阳并产生直流电，如果这是你所需要的一切，那就太好了。它们在巴士上性能不错，西内和我把它们组装起来，载着我们到处走。但是对于房子或者像自然桥游客中心这样的建筑来说，你需要交流电，这意味着你必须使用逆变器把直流电转换成交流电。你不需要像公共汽车一样需要一个逆变器，除非你想要交流电，因为公共汽车需要它来运行冰箱之类的设备。而且，由于太阳能板只在有太阳的时候才能收集能量，所以你需要电池来储存它们白天产生的能量，这样你就可以在晚上继续使用电能。无论如何，在有电池的公共汽车上是没有问题，但如果是房子或其它东西可能需要额外配置蓄电池了。自然桥在使用太阳能之前是使用柴油发电机的，那个时期，我没去过那里。这对我来说没什么，谁会想在一个像天然桥这样的景点有柴油废气。另外，我相信这会激怒像奥拉这样的人。至少有更好的替代方式，而且现在已经实现了。好了，我说完了。
As for the solar, here’s the basics: Sheets of silicon panels look up at the sun and generate DC power that’s great if that’s all you need. And they work great on the bus Sine and I put together to cart us around. But for a house or a building like the Visitor Center at Natural Bridges, you need AC power, which means you have to convert from DC to AC using what they call an inverter. You don’t need one of those on like a bus unless you want AC power, and I’ve got to admit we’ve got one on the bus anyway to run the refrigerator and such. And, since the panels only collect energy when the sun’s shining, you need batteries to store some of the power they make during the day so you’ve got some at night. No problem in a bus that’s got batteries anyway, but that’s something you have to get extra for a house or whatever. I’d never been to Natural Bridges when they used diesel generators before they got the solar going, and that’s alright with me, because who needs diesel exhaust in a beautiful spot like Natural Bridges. Plus I’m sure that would tick off people like Aura, at least if there was a more pleasant alternative which, now, there is. Okay. I’m done.

2019年2月12日摘自国家公园管理处
NPS Retrieved 2/12/2019

自然桥国家纪念碑的电力来自太阳。太阳能电池将太阳光转化为电能的过程被称为光伏发电，意思就是用光来发电。当阳光照射到光伏电池上时，光子与电池中的电子相互作用产生直流电。然后直流电被输入到逆变器，在那里它被转换成交流电，这是最常用的电力形式。多余的电量储存在电池中以备以后使用。
Electricity at Natural Bridges National Monument is produced from the sun. Solar cells convert sunlight to electricity through a process called photovoltaics, a word meaning electricity from light. When sunlight strikes a photovoltaic (PV) cell, photons interact with electrons in the cell to create direct current (DC) electricity. The DC current is then fed to an inverter where it is converted to alternating current (AC) electricity, the most commonly used form of electrical power. Excess power is stored in batteries for later use.

虽然照射到光伏电池上的太阳能只有10%转化为电能，但是组成光伏阵列的许多电池可以产生高达50千瓦的电力。这些电力足以满足国家公园管理处工作人员、他们的家人以及你，也就是公众的需求。
While only 10 percent of the sun's energy striking the PV cell is converted to electricity, the many cells that comprise the PV array produce up to 50 kilowatts of power. That is more than enough electricity to supply the needs of the small community of National Park Service personnel, their families, and you, the public.

光伏阵列位于游客中心对面的一英亩土地上。游客中心停车场西侧的一条小路通向观景台。这里，按一下按钮，就可以听到一段解释光电过程的音频解读。
The PV array is located on an acre of land across the road from the visitor center. A short path from the west side of the visitor center parking area leads to a viewing platform. Here, with a push of a button, an audio message explains the photovoltaic process.

20多年前，自然桥梁国家纪念碑被选为太阳能使用的示范场所。位于犹他州东南沙漠海拔6500英尺的自然桥，阳光充足的温和气候使其成为太阳能系统的理想位置。其它决定因素还包括自然桥梁远离商业能源的位置，以及来访游客对于太阳能电力的广泛使用。
Natural Bridges National Monument was chosen as a demonstration site for the use of solar energy more than two decades ago. Situated at an elevation of 6,500 feet in Utah's southeastern desert, Natural Bridges' moderate, sunny climate makes it an ideal location for a solar energy system. Other factors in this decision included Natural Bridges' remote location away from commercial power sources and the solar system's accessibility to the visiting public.

1980年6月，该系统正式投入使用后，参观者可以看到，当时世界上最大的光伏发电厂是如何利用太阳能生产出无污染、安静、经济实惠的电能的。
Following the dedication of the system in June 1980, visitors could see how nonpolluting, quiet, cost-effective electric power is produced from the sun by, what was then, the world's largest PV power plant.

为什么要使用太阳能？
Why Solar Power?

在安装光伏系统之前，纪念碑依靠柴油发电机提供所有电力需求。发电机连续运转。燃烧不可再生的化石燃料所产生的噪音和污染与天然桥梁的原始沙漠环境不相匹配。与柴油发电机不同，光伏系统是一种清洁、安静、安全、无污染的电力来源，而且太阳的能量几乎是取之不尽的。在改用光伏发电之前，这座纪念碑每年耗电高达20万千瓦时。安装了光伏系统和实施节能措施后，这座纪念碑现在每年只消耗约7万千瓦时，其中90%以上来自太阳能。大部分取暖和做饭的需要继续由液化石油气提供。
Prior to the installation of the PV system, the monument relied on diesel generators for all its electricity needs. The generators operated continuously. The noise and pollution produced by burning nonrenewable fossil fuel was incompatible with Natural Bridges' pristine desert setting. Unlike diesel generators, a PV system is a clean, quiet, safe, nonpolluting source of electric power, and the sun's energy is nearly unlimited. Before switching to PV power, the monument consumed up to 200,000 kilowatt hours of electricity annually. With installation of the PV system and the implementation of energy-efficient measures, the monument now consumes about 70,000 kWh annually with over 90 percent of that coming from the sun. Most heating and cooking needs continue to be met by liquefied petroleum gas.

光伏电池的工作原理
How PV Cells Work

这里使用的光伏电池主要由硅制成——地球上最丰富的元素之一。当阳光照射到电池表面时，太阳光中的光子被吸收。这些物质与硅表面的电子反应，产生微弱的电流。成千上万个这样的电池连接在一起，形成一个光伏阵列。电池的正面覆盖着一层薄薄的集电网格。这些细小的电线，加上一个导电的背面，提供了电池电力传输的接触点。为了太阳能电池能最大限度地吸收阳光，它的正面还覆盖了一层防反射涂层。
The PV cells used here are made primarily of silicon - one of the most abundant elements on earth. When sunlight strikes the surface of the cell, photons from the light are absorbed. These react with electrons on the silicon surface to create a weak electrical current. Many thousands of these cells are wired together to create a PV array. On its front surface, the cell is coated with a thin grid of collector wires. These tiny wires, together with a conductive back surface, provide the contact through which the power from the cell is delivered. To maximize the amount of sunlight absorbed by the cell, its front surface is also covered with an anti-reflective coating.

主要组件
Major Components

来自阵列的直流电要么储存在铅酸电池中，要么传递到一个50千瓦的逆变器中，将直流电转换为交流电。纪念碑还有一个40千瓦的柴油发电机，作为备用电源，。在需要的时候，这个发电机可以直接提供电力到现场或为电池充电。
Direct current electricity from the array is either stored in lead-acid batteries or passed to a 50 kilowatt inverter, that converts DC electricity into AC electricity. As a backup power source, the Monument has a 40 kilowatt diesel-powered generator. When needed, power from this generator may be supplied either directly to the site or to a battery charger.

电能存储系统
Power Storage System

由于太阳能并不总是可用的——在晚上或者阴天——像自然之桥这样的远程光伏系统必须有储存电能的方法。为此，使用了39个深度循环铅酸电池，每个电池重1200磅。这些电池的综合额定容量超过600千瓦时。尽管为了增加电池寿命，最大能耗限制在480千瓦时，但是450千瓦时就足以让纪念碑在没有阳光的情况下运行两天。
Since solar energy is not always available - at night or on cloudy days - a remote PV system such as the one at Natural Bridges must have a way to store electricity. To accomplish this, 39 deep-cycle lead-acid batteries weighing 1200 pounds each are used. These batteries have combined rated capacity of over 600 kilowatt hours, although the maximum drawdown is limited to 480 kWh in order to increase battery life. 450 kWh is enough to operate the Monument for two days without sun.

系统控制
System Control

自动控制允许光伏系统在没有人工干预的情况下长时间运行。当电池处于或接近满电状态时，它会控制阵列。当电池电量低于20%时，它会自动启动备用柴油发电机。接近完全充电时，控制系统将断开(关闭) 48阵列站中的一个或多个，以防止电池过充。
An automatic control allows the PV system to operate for extended periods without human intervention. It controls the array when the battery is at or near full charge. It also starts the backup diesel generator automatically when the battery state-of-charge falls below 20 percent. Near full charge, the control will disconnect (shed) one or more of the 48 array stations to prevent overcharging the batteries.

太阳能的未来
The Future of Solar Power

1980年2月太阳能首次在天然桥梁纪念碑进行试运行。整个100千瓦的光伏系统于当年5月投入使用。首批电池提供了十年的优质服务。在接下去的两年时间里，系统处于不活跃状态，因此开始探索重新激活的替代方案。1992年，该系统重新安装了新电池，阵列减小到50千瓦。通过与国家公园管理处、美国能源部和犹他州自然资源部的协作，该光伏系统得以重新激活。时至今日，光伏系统在较小规模下运行效率更高，同时仍能满足纪念碑的能源需求。在这样的偏远地区，它已经证明了这是一种性价比高、无污染的能源。随着进一步的研发，光电技术将变得性价比更高。也许在不远的将来，有一天，你家里的能源需求可以完全由太阳能来满足。
Solar power was first used at Natural Bridges Monument on a test basis in February 1980. The entire 100 kW PV system became operational in May of that year. The original batteries provided excellent service for 10 years. Then, for a two-year period, the system was inactive while alternatives for reactivation were explored. In 1992, the system was refitted with new batteries and the array downsized to 50 kilowatts. The PV system was reactivated through a partnership among the National Park Service, U.S. Department of Energy and the Utah Department of Natural Resources. Today, the PV system operates more efficiently on a smaller scale while still meeting the energy needs of the Monument. It has shown itself to be a cost-effective, pollution-free source of power in remote locations like this one. As research and development continues, photovoltaics will become even more cost-effective. Perhaps one day, in the not too distant future, your home energy needs will be met by the sun.

● 自然形成的石桥的地质情况
● Geology of naturally formed stone bridges

● 自然桥国家纪念碑 - 简介
● Natural Bridges National Monument - Intro

● 方位
● Directions

● 时间
● Hours

● 联系方式
● Contact

● 十天天气预报
● 10 day weather forecast

学校难题(数学题)
School daze (math problem)