科罗纳多CORONADO

如果科尔特斯当年征服了一些受折磨的美洲部落，就像德瓦卡最终在加尔维斯顿岛上遇到的那个部落一样，那就太好了。除了繁荣的阿兹特克人之外，科尔特斯还在墨西哥中部遇到过其它一些部落。
If only. If only Cortes had conquered some afflicted American tribe like the one deVaca eventually encountered on Galveston Island. Some tribe besides the prosperous Aztecs Cortes had come across in central Mexico.

因为当时，西班牙国王派遣潘费罗·德·纳尔韦兹去统治喜气洋洋的科尔特斯，他可能从未见过科尔特斯所说的巨额财富，也可能没有那份雄心壮志。
Because then, Panfilo de Narvez, dispatched by the Spanish crown to reign in the jubilant Cortes, might never have seen the enormous wealth Cortes was calling his, and might never have been inspired to attempt the same feat.

但后来，纳瓦韦兹回到西班牙，请求国王准许他去探索新大陆。结果他获得了去征服墨西哥湾海岸的许可，他和其他欧洲人完全不知道墨西哥湾的方方面面，但还是马上出发了。
But what happened instead was that Narvaez returned to Spain to ask the King for a license to himself explore in the New World. With permission granted to conquer the Gulf Coast, the nature and extent of which was completely unknown to him nor to any other representative of European civilization, Narvaez immediately set about it.

阿尔瓦·努涅斯·卡贝萨·德·瓦卡，“关系…”，范妮·班德列译:《阿尔瓦·努涅斯·卡贝萨·德·瓦卡家族和他的同伴从佛罗里达到太平洋的旅程，1528-1536》(纽约:A.S. 巴恩斯公司, 1905年)，第1页:
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, “La Relación… ,” trans. Fanny Bandelier, The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca Famy and his Companions from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536,” (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1905), p.1:

1527年6月27日,州长潘菲洛·德·纳瓦韦兹离开了[西班牙]圣卢卡德巴拉梅达港口，带着陛下的威严和使命去征服和统治从棕榈河[格兰德河]到佛罗里达海角的这些省份，都是大陆上的领土。他所率领的舰队由五艘船组成，船上约有六百人。
On the 27th day of the month of June, 1527, the Governor Panfilo de Nar­vaez departed from the port of San Lucar de Barrameda [Spain], with authority and orders from Your Majesty to conquer and govern the provinces that extend from the river of the Palms [Rio Grande] to the Cape of the Florida, these provinces being on the main land. The fleet he took along consisted of five vessels, in which went about 600 men.

他在古巴停留了很长时间来整顿他的舰队，然后他把目标锁定在他所管辖区域的最西面(现在的德克萨斯州)。但是，当一切就绪以后，他等着卡贝萨·德·瓦卡所描述的风暴，于是差不多过了一年，他们才到达了美洲大陆，在4月12日看到了陆地。
Stopping in Cuba just long enough to refit his fleet, he proceeded to aim for the westernmost limit of his jurisdiction (present day Texas). But by the time he was ready and then waited out storms etc. that Cabeza de Vaca describes, it was nearly a year later that they made it to the American continent, sighting land on April twelfth.

但是，由于一场风暴和强劲的墨西哥湾洋流，他和剩下的400名士兵抵达了坦帕湾，他们一直以为已经到达了现在的德克萨斯。不管怎样，纳瓦埃兹还是向西前进，派出了三艘补给船(后来消失了)，并带着剩下的300人和50匹马在陆地上继续前行。
But, because of a storm and the strong Gulf currents, he and his remaining 400 men arrived instead at Tampa Bay, all the while thinking they had reached what is now Texas. Narvaez pressed westward anyway, sending out three supply ships (which disappeared) and proceeded with the remaining 300 men and 50 horses over land.

赫伯特·伊·博尔顿，《科罗纳多:普韦布洛斯和平原骑士》(阿尔伯克基:新墨西哥大学出版社，1949年)，第8-9页：是这么说的：
Herbert E. Bolton, Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains, (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1949), pp. 8-9: lays it out:

纳瓦埃兹开始寻找一个叫凯尔的地方，佛罗里达印第安人说那里的居民戴着酋长一样的金色帽子。后来他发现这是假的，当地人也不好客，于是他就往西去了塔拉哈西，听说那里不错的。其实，那里的印第安人也对他们有敌意。于是，纳瓦埃兹和他的同伴(现在有250人)因为食物匮乏，宰杀了剩下的马，做了五艘马皮船，重新开始了海上旅行。
Narvaez began by seeking a place called Cale, whose inhabitants the Florida Indians said wore golden hats like chiefs. Finding this to be false and the natives inhospitable, he proceeded west to about Tallahassee, also rumored of promise. Instead, the Indians there also proved hostile. So Narvaez and company (now 250 men) killed the remainder of the horses they had been eating for lack of other sustenance, made five horsehide boats, and resumed the journey by sea.

大约只有80人到达了今天的加尔维斯顿岛，但那里的一场飓风又使他们损失了大半。
About 80 did get as far as present day Galveston Island, but a hurricane there finished off the bulk of this force.

最终到达新西班牙(墨西哥城)的只有四个人了，包括阿尔瓦·努涅斯·卡贝萨·德·瓦卡，探险队的财务主管，我们得感谢他记录了整个事件;一个队长;一个黑奴，以及这个奴隶的主人。
The only four to eventually make it to New Spain (Mexico City) included Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, treasurer for the expedition to whom we are indebted for creating a record of these events; a Captain ; a black slave, and this slave’s owner.

奥拉AURA

这里我插一句，为了纪念那个黑人奴隶，我让西内在地图上用黑线来标记这次探险。因为尽管奥巴马、泰格·伍兹和奥普拉等人都取得了成功，但许多美国黑人却总是感到格格不入。事实上，在那次探险以及后来的那一次，那个奴隶担任了重要角色，尤其是后来他成为了西班牙国王在墨西哥城的最高代表人，充分表明了黑人在美国西南部已经成为了利益相关者，这比后来乘坐“五月花”号船去的那些人还要早三个世纪。当那些美国殖民“开拓者”们登陆时，他的后代也在欢迎他们的行列中。
I’m going to jump in here to say I asked Sine to make this expedition on the Map be represented by a dark line in honor of that black slave. Because despite the triumphs of people like Obama, Tiger Woods, and Oprah, many blacks in the U.S. feel out of it. The fact is, the slave's role in this expedition, as well as in a later one pressed upon him personally by none other than the Spanish King’s top representative in Mexico City, established blacks as stakeholders in the American southwest three centuries before descendents of those aboard the Mayflower went west. His descendents were among those to greet “trail-blazing” American colonists when they arrived.

科罗纳多CORONADO

我想说的是他们给这个家伙起了一个西班牙名字，可能是因为他们不知道该怎么称呼他。所以他们叫他埃斯特瓦尼科，就是英语中的史蒂夫。他是来自阿扎莫(摩洛哥的贝哈尔)的阿拉伯黑人。顺便说一下，地图上西内画的直线，代表这四个人从古巴到墨西哥城，又是航行，又是游泳，又是步行的路程，但是不是不完整的，因为航行是从旧大陆开始的。
I’ll throw in here that they gave this guy a Spanish name probably because they didn’t know what else to call him. So they called him Estévanico, or Steve in Englsih. He was an Arab black from Azamor, [Bejar, Morocco]. And, by the way, the line Sine put on the map, running from Cuba to Mexico City, which is the distance these four sailed, swam, and walked, is incomplete. Incomplete, because the voyage began in the old world.

不管怎么说，他们刚到加尔维斯顿岛时，当地的一些印第安人提供了帮助，但后来他们迷路了。他们甚至不知道该往哪个方向走，也不知道是否能从陆路到达墨西哥城。他们在路上受到了各种部落的奴役，他们不了解领土范围，没有动物运输，食物都没有见过等等。事实上，他们到达新西班牙完全是偶然的，这在很大程度上是由于他们在遭受恶劣气候的倒霉印第安人中间扮演了一个角色——药师。我觉得这是有道理的，因为印第安人以前从来没有见过像他们这样的人。
Anyway, once they made it to Galveston Island, some of the local Indians helped them, at first, but they were really lost. They didn’t even know which direction to go, or even if they could make it to Mexico City by land. They were hampered on the way by enslavement by various tribes, not knowing the territory, no animal driven transportation, foodstuffs never seen before, etc. Getting to New Spain at all was virtually accidental, and was facilitated in no small measure by their finding a role to play among the Indians – that of medicine men to down-on-their luck Indians suffering from, among other things, weather of the kind that had wrecked their ship. My guess is that worked because the Indians had never seen anybody like them before anyway.

一路上,他们听到了财富和北方大野兽的故事，他们走的老印第安小路，也就是后来西班牙探险重新走的路。有一个部落还送给埃斯特班一个葫芦拨浪鼓，来帮助他加强他们眼中的治疗力量，并希望这个装饰品最终能改变他在北方的应许之地西波拉的命运。直到1536年4月底，四名幸存者在科特斯湾以西，偶遇了一些西班牙奴隶捕手，他们被带到康波斯特拉的总督住所。那就像去了天堂。他们离开西班牙已经8年了，他们甚至不能享受提供给他们的衣服和床，因为他们已经很久没有使用这些东西了。到1536年7月圣詹姆斯节时，他们回到了新西班牙(现在的墨西哥城)，向总督门多萨描述他们的经历。
Along the way, they heard tales of wealth and great beasts to the north, followed old Indian paths that later Spanish expeditions would retrace, and Esteban was given a gourd rattle by one tribe to enhance what they saw as his healing powers, an ornament that would ultimately seal his fate in the promised land of Cibola to the north. It wasn’t until the end of April, 1536, that the four survivors chanced upon some Spanish slave catchers, west of the mountains that border the Gulf of Cortez, and were conducted to the governor’s house in Compostela. That was like going to heaven. It had been eight years since they’d left Spain and they couldn’t even enjoy the clothing and beds they were offered because of having been without such things for so long. - By St James’ feast day July, 1536, they were back in New Spain (present-day Mexico City) describing their experience to Viceroy Mendoza.

奥拉AURA

我觉得这个故事最吸引人的地方在于，它讲述的是两个不同世界的居民在几乎平等的基础上，完全没有预谋，但有相当充分的记录。这就好像第一个进入伊甸园的人是一个识字的孩子，他写下他所看到的和他的感受。(虽然有人可能会说，这四名幸存者来到这里，是因为他们被征用了财产，并且是狂热的使徒，但事实是，由于他们与他们的祖国分离，他们就像他们遇到的人一样，只关心生存和生活了。)当然，“新大陆”并不是一个真正明亮的、新创造的伊甸园。那里的居民已经发展出了各种生活方式和联系方式。正是对这个尚未被“旧”大陆影响的世界的快照，扫除了人们可能有的关于“荒野”的所有神话，以及任何来自不同世界的完全陌生的人先入为主的想法。与科幻小说不同，这是人类进化史上遇到“外来物种”的真实事件。虽然这个不熟悉的程度对比未来遇到从未见过的智慧生命来说，是很温和的,但是这和我们未来注定要与行星去相互通信相比，在本质上是很相近的。我想这也是吸引西内的原因。
What I find fascinating about this story is that it’s about the completely unpremeditated, yet fairly well documented, encounter between inhabitants of two different worlds on a virtually equal footing. It’s as if a literate child was the first person to enter the garden of Eden and write down what he saw and his reaction to it. (Though one could argue the four survivors had arrived because of an agenda of expropriation and apostolic zeal, the fact is that, separated as they were from their support system, they, like the peoples they encountered, were focused simply on living and surviving.) Of course the “new” world was not really a bright, newly created garden of Eden. It’s inhabitants had developed ways to live and to relate to one another. And it is the snapshot taken of this world not yet affected by the “old” world that sweeps away all the myths anyone might have of “wilderness” and of any preconceived ideas regarding how complete strangers from different worlds should or can meet. Unlike science fiction fantasies, this is a real event in the history of our evolutionary form encountering the “foreign.” Though the degree of unfamiliarity in this instance was mild compared to the future possibility of encountering intelligent life accustomed to surviving on elements we've never heard of, it is the event closest in nature to what we may yet experience as we seem destined to reach out to other planets, or as other planets reach out to us. I think that’s what hooked Sine, too.

西内SINE

是的。这让我有足够的兴趣去读德瓦卡写的东西。点击这个链接也可以看到。你可能需要按下你的控制键和F键(如果你用的是Windows)来打开一个输入窗口，在里面插入这句话:“在靠近海岸的地方，一个浪头把我们卷了过来，把驳船甩出了离水面有马那么高的地方。”(幸存者就是这样来到现在德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿所在的西南部地区的。)这句话之前描述的是从西班牙经古巴的旅程，在现在的佛罗里达短暂停留了几站，如上文所述。)
Yes. That made me interested enough to read what deVaca wrote. Click this link to see it too. You may need to press your control and F keys (if you're using Windows) to bring up the box in which to insert this sentence: "Close to shore a wave took us and hurled the barge a horse's length out of water." (That's how the survivors arrived in the southwest about where Galveston, Texas is now.) What preceeds that sentence describes the journey from Spain via Cuba with a couple brief stops in what is now Florida, as described more briefly above in this note.)

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不太懂电脑是吗?按以下方法更容易获得德瓦卡叙述中的那句话:
Not computer savy yet? Here's greater detail about how to get to that sentence in DeVaca’s account:

在Windows中，选择句子，复制它，也就是右击它，在结果列表中选择复制。点击链接(这里)。当德瓦卡的叙述出现时，同时按下键盘的Control键和F键，然后通过再次右击将你已经复制的句子粘贴到“查找什么”的框中，接着，鼠标指针在框中，再次右击找到粘贴。点击粘贴选项，你应该就能找到相应的内容了。
In Windows, copy the sentence by highlighting it then right clicking it to select Copy in the resulting list. Now click on the link (here). When the DeVaca account appears, press your keyboard’s Control and F keys at the same time to then paste the sentence you’ve already copied into the little box that has come up near the top of your window by moving your mouse to it and then right clicking again to see the word Paste. Click the word Paste, and then your Enter key to get to the sentence in the narrative.

在Mac中，复制句子的方法是，选择句子，同时按下键盘的控制键和左键，弹出“复制”这个选项。点击复制，然后点击链接(这里)。当德瓦卡的叙述出现时，同时按下你的命令键和F键，弹出一个框，里面有你复制的句子。点击返回键或框中的向下箭头，你应该就能找到相应的内容了。
In Mac, copy the sentence by selecting it then pressing your keyboard’s Control and left click keys at the same time to bring up the word Copy. Click on Copy and then click on the link (here). When the DeVaca account appears, press your Command and F keys at the same time to bring up a box that has the sentence you copied in it. Click the return key or else the down arrow in the box and you’re now where you should be.