科罗纳多CORONADO

1540年7月7日，科罗纳多来到了弗瑞·马科斯所认定的西波拉，并在那一天攻占了第一座城市，位于黄金之路北端，哈维库的普韦布洛。考虑到双方的立场，和平结束将是一个奇迹了：
Coronado reached what Fray Marcos identified as Cibola on July 7, 1540 and on that day took the first city, the pueblo of Hawikuh, which is at the north end of the golden trail. A peaceful conclusion would have been a miracle considering the two parties’ perspectives:

西波拉人
The Cibolans

• 知道他们并不是生活在一个完全和平的世界。他们已经有了敌人:其他印第安人。
• knew they weren’t living in an altogether peaceful world. They already had enemies: other Indians.

• 他们已经遇到了黑人埃斯特班，拿着敌对方的葫芦摇铃，并且令人费解地声称自己是白人的先行代表。或许杀了他不是明智之举，因为现在
• They had already met the black Esteban carrying an enemy’s gourd rattle and incomprehensibly claiming to be a front man for white men. Maybe killing him hadn’t been so clever, because now

• 在他们家门口，有一支大约100名白人组成的部队，其中80人骑在马上(其余大约900人，包括对西班牙友好的印第安人，留在库利亚坎，稍后再来)。
• They had on their doorstep a force of approximately a hundred white men, eighty of them on horseback (The rest, approximating 900 (including Indians friendly to the Spanish), had been left in Culiacan to come along later.)

• 他们听了那些无法拒绝的条约书提议，通过翻译，他们觉得这些条约太令人震惊了，不可思议。
• They listened to the Requerimiento’s offer they could not refuse through an interpretor, such that they could understand it as much as they could understand anything so incredibly shocking.

西班牙人
The Spanish

• 相信他们正朝着自己想要的目标前进，就像科尔特斯和皮萨罗领导下的其他人在墨西哥和秘鲁所做的那样。
• believed they were marching towards a prize they meant to have, just as others had already done in Mexico and Peru under Cortes and Pizzaro.

• 科罗纳多的部队里有科尔特斯的老兵赫尔南多·德·阿尔瓦拉多，以及负责夺取印加战利品的皮萨罗秘鲁战役的老兵阿方索·曼里克·德拉拉。如果当时允许的话，科尔特斯本人也会在那里的。
• Among Coronado’s troops were such as Cortes veteran Hernando de Alvarado, and Alfonso Manrique de Lara, veteran of Pizzaro’s Peruvian campaign that took the Incan spoils. Cortes himself would have been there if he’d been allowed.

• 由于无法与阿拉尔孔的补给船取得联系，部队在接近哈维库时已经极度缺乏食物。
• Because of failure to make contact with Alarcon’s supply ships, the troops were desperate for food by the time they approached Hawikuh,

弗朗西斯科·卡斯克·德·科罗纳多，《……安东尼奥·德·门多萨先生》，乔治·帕克·温希普译，《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》，(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第556页:
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, “… al Signor Antonio de Mendoza …,” trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), p. 556:

……因为我们连两蒲式耳的玉米都没有[剩下]了。
… since altogether we did not have two bushels of corn [left].

有那么一段时间，甚至弗雷·马科斯·德·尼扎(印第安人的同情者)在和平抗议遭到拒绝后，也同意科罗纳多攻占这座城市。(马科斯·德·尼扎在职业生涯的早期曾亲眼目睹西班牙与印加人在秘鲁的相遇，为巴托洛米·德·拉斯·卡萨斯撰写的有关印第安毁灭的小册子提供了材料。)
There came a moment when even Frey Marcos de Nizza, (Indian sympathizer extraordinaire) gave Coronado his approval to storm the city after peaceful protestations were rebuffed. (At an earlier point in his career, Marcos de Nizza had provided the eye-witness account of the Spanish-Inca encounter in Peru that provided material for Bartolome de las Casas’ polemical pamphlets on the destruction of the Indies).