科罗纳多CORONADO

关于牛是如何引进到美洲的，以下是我从同一本书和展览中了解到的情况。
And here’s what I know about the introduction of cattle to the America’s, from the same book and Exhibition.

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡洛琳·马戈利斯编著，《变化的种子：一个五百年的留念》(华盛顿：史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第94页：
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 94:

在1493年第二次航行中，哥伦布从西班牙和加那利群岛把牛运到圣多明各(伊斯帕尼奥拉岛)。这些伊比利亚人带来的卡斯提尔斑点奶牛，自给自足，用途广泛，成为了美洲大牧场的支柱。生长快、体型瘦的西班牙牧牛没法与今天的畜牧业比，但当时它们是抵御各种气候和捕食者的首选品种......
On his second voyage in 1493, Columbus brought cattle from Spain and the Canary Islands to Santo Domingo (Hispaniola). The spotted, self-sufficient, all-purpose Castilian range cow formed the backbone of the ranching complex that the Iberians brought to the Americas. Fast and lean, Spanish range cattle would make a poor showing at the stockyards today, but they were the breed of choice in a variety of climates and against a variety of predators ...

第95页：
p. 95:

"西班牙牛最有用的特点是它们会发出沙沙声或在困难的条件下的觅食能力。它们的腿很长，身体也很强壮，能够在水坑之间长距离行走。
"The most useful characteristic of Spanish cattle was their ability to ‘rustle’ or find forage under difficult conditions. Long-legged and hardy, they could stand long walks between water holes.

"1521年，格雷戈里奥·比利亚洛沃斯和埃尔南·科尔特斯从古巴把牛带到墨西哥养殖。在十年间，墨西哥中部平原和山谷，甚至炎热的墨西哥湾沿岸都建立了几十个养牛场。
"From Cuba in 1521 Gregorio Villalobos and Hernán Cortés brought cattle to Mexico for breeding purposes. Within a decade scores of cattle ranches had been established in the central Mexican plains and valleys and even along the hot Gulf Coast.

第97页：
p.97:

西班牙人对索托和科罗纳多的探险，不太可能使墨西哥北部和东部地区出现了牛和马....。现在墨西哥的奇瓦瓦州、科阿韦拉州、杜兰戈州和萨卡特卡斯州构成了新西班牙最好的养牛地区，新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州最初就是从那里进货的。
lt is very unlikely that cattle or horses became established in the region north and east of Mexico as a result of Spanish expeditions of Soto and Coronado…. The modern Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Zacatecas constituted the best cattle-raising region of New Spain, and from there New Mexico and Texas were initially stocked.

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