科罗纳多CORONADO

这是一本关于印第安人的书。当我爸爸把我们从墨西哥带来的时候，我原以为我们过得很艰难。
Here’s what this one book says about the Indians. And I thought we had it tough when my dad brought us from Mexico.

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编,《变革的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第219页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 219:

"据估计，1492年新大陆的人口规模在八百多万到一亿之间。同样，北美的估计在90万到1800万之间。
"Estimates of population size of the New World in 1492 range from just over eight million to one hundred million. Similarly, estimates for North America range from nine hundred thousand to eighteen million.

"然而，大部分学者同意，与欧洲人接触后的最初50年里，土著人口的数量迅速下降。北美的土著人口在20世纪初达到了最低点......
"Most scholars agree, however, that numbers for native populations declined rapidly during the first fifty years following initial European contact. Native population in North America reached a nadir in the early 1900s......

第193页:
p. 193:

"疾病造成的死亡人数很多，远远超过战场。虽然关于哪些疾病是由外来者带来的这个问题一直存在争议，但人们普遍认为天花、霍乱、麻疹、白喉、伤寒、某些流感和鼠疫来自欧洲和非洲。最致命的杀手是天花。
"Diseases caused the most fatalities, far more than the battlefields. Although there is continuing controversy about which diseases were brought by the outsiders, it is generally agreed that smallpox, cholera, measles, diphtheria, typhoid fever, some influenza, and the plague came from Europe and Africa. The deadliest killer was smallpox.

"早在1518-1519年冬季，加勒比地区就发现了天花;它从那里向北传播……。根据最近的研究，从1520年到1584年，在几个大西洋沿岸的定居点，这种疾病使印第安人的人口减少了25%到30%。从1584年到1620年期间的流行病可能使幸存者减少了90%。在重新定居同一地区时，那些新移民感谢上帝清洁了印第安人的土地(约瑟夫1982年)。
"Smallpox was noted in the Caribbean as early as the winter of 1518—19; from there it moved north.… In several Atlantic coast settlements from 1520 to 1584, according to recent studies, the disease reduced the Indian population by 25 to 30 percent. Another period of epidemic from 1584 to 1620 may have reduced the survivors by another 90 percent. While resettling that same area, the Pilgrims gave thanks to God for having cleared the lands of Indian people (Josephy 1982).

"这些疾病对土著人的影响更严重，因为欧洲人[有免疫力，而且知道这种疾病会传染]……
"Such diseases had a more severe impact on the native peoples because the Europeans [were immune and knew the disease was contagious]......

"……一个印第安人说，一个人无法把战伤传染给别人，而这种致命的疾病怎么会传染给别人呢，他们无法理解。当[天花]在1781年袭击[北美洲大平原] 的黑脚族人，部落中超过50%的人死亡了。1837年回来时，幸存者遭受了66%的伤亡:死了6000人(艾维斯1958年)。
"… One Indian said they could not understand how one could pass this damaging ailment to another because one could not pass along a battle wound. When [smallpox] hit the Blackfeet [of the Great Plains] in 1781, more than 50 percent of the tribe died. When it returned in 1837, the survivors suffered a 66 percent loss: six thousand perished (Ewers 1958).

"由于部落遭受疾病的摧残，……药师们名誉扫地。长期以来治疗其它疾病的方法无非就是汗水浴或在小河里冷水浴:但是对于天花来说，这种结合是致命的。
"As the tribes were physically ravaged by diseases, …the medicine men suffered loss of prestige. The time-honored way of curing other ailments revolved around the sweat bath and a cold plunge in the creek: with smallpox this combination is fatal.

"部落的教育方法深受其害[年长者和年轻人都死了]。
"The educational method of the tribes suffered [as the elders and young died].

在许多地区，当第一个白人男性真正出现时，他的生物装备已经摧毁了75%以上的印第安人。整个部落都灭绝了，幸存下来的部落残余被严重削弱了。
In many regions by the time the first white man actually appeared, his biological accoutrements had devastated the Indian populations by more than 75 percent. Entire tribes became extinct, and the surviving tribal remnants were critically weakened.

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