西内SINE

这不是热空气。最近一次冰河时代结束以来，在过去的11000年里，西南地区(以及其它地方)变得越来越温暖和干燥。你们的斯科特·伊莱亚斯做过调查，他说：
This not hot air. It is getting more warm and dry in Southwest (and everywhere else) over past 11,000 years, since the end of the most recent ice age. Your guy Scott Elias did research and says:

斯科特·埃·利亚斯:《西南部国家公园的冰河时代历史》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1997年)，第3、5、47、58页:
Scott A. Elias, The Ice-Age History of the Southwestern National Parks (Washington, 1997), pp. 3, 5, 47, 58:

"尽管美国西南部没有冰川覆盖，但在冰河时代，区域气候受到了全球变冷的严重影响。此外，覆盖更多北方地区的冰层使得大气环流发生了变化。普遍认为，急流在遇到可能有几英里厚的冰层障碍时被一分为二。一条支流流向冰层以北;另一条支流向南流动，给西南部带来了更多的水分。
"Although glacial ice did not cover the American Southwest, regional climates were greatly affected by global cooling during glaciations. In addition, the ice sheets that covered more northerly regions forced changes in atmospheric circulation. It is thought that the jet stream split in two as it met the obstacle of ice sheets that were perhaps several miles thick. One branch flowed north of the ice sheets; the other branch flowed south, bringing increased moisture to the Southwest.

"一些低地地区[西南地区]，特别是在大盆地，在更新世[更古老的]冰川时期发展了大型洪积湖。除了大盐湖和其它一些较小的盆地外，这些湖泊都干涸了……[自从最近的冰川时代，]但它们在湖床、老的海岸线和沿山坡能看到的那些顺风沙丘地带留下了沉积物。
"Some lowland regions [of the Southwest,] notably in the Great Basin, developed large pluvial lakes during Pleistocene [older] glaciations. With the exception of Great Salt Lake and some other smaller basins, these lakes dried up ... [since the most recent ice age,] but they left behind sediments in lake beds and ancient shorelines and downwind dune fields that are still visible along hill slopes.

[凉爽/湿润的冰川气候不会形成沙漠的:]今天覆盖美国西南部大部分低洼地区的沙漠植被在更新世时期实际上是不存在的。在它的位置上，……从东部的奇瓦瓦沙漠一直延伸到西部海岸的最后一个陆地前哨——卡特琳娜岛，目前中海拔高地的松木林地像一块巨大的绿色地毯铺在低洼地区。在最后一个冰河时代，针叶林覆盖了西南部的大部分地区;[尽管]沙漠植物散布各处，生活在气候干旱的地区……冰河时代的大型哺乳动物在该[地区]游荡……，包括雄伟的(如哥伦比亚猛犸象)，以及奇异的(如巨型地懒)。在[最近]一次冰河时代的末期，人类前进入西南部[大概是在11000年前。尽管从那以后天气一直在变暖，但值得注意的是，西南部的沙漠是个例外，而不是普遍现象。]在过去的12.5万年中，大部分时间[已经]在[寒冷]的冰期度过的，而不是在[温暖]的间冰期，比如……[我们喜欢]。事实上，地质学家估计，冰河时期占据了过去170万年的90%以上。
[The cooler/moister ice age climate did not permit desert:] The desert vegetation that covers most lowland regions in the American Southwest today was virtually nonexistent in the Pleistocene. In its place, ....the juniper-piñon woodland of the modern middle-elevation highlands spread out like a vast, green carpet across the lowlands, from the Chihuahuan Desert in the east to the last outpost of land on the west coast, Catalina Island. During the last ice age, coniferous woodlands covered most of the Southwest; [though] desert plants were scattered far and wide, living in pockets of arid climate.… Large ice-age mammals roamed the [area] ..., ranging from the majestic (such as the Columbian mammoth ) to the bizarre (such as the giant ground sloths). At the end of the [most recent] ice age, human beings entered the Southwest [about 11,000 years ago. Although it has been getting warmer ever since, it is interesting to note that desert in the Southwest is the exception, not the rule.] Most of the past 125,000 years [has been] spent in [cool] glacial intervals, not in [warm] interglacial periods such as ... [we enjoy]. In fact, geologists reckon that glacial periods took up more than 90% of the last 1.7 million years.

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