科罗纳多CORONADO

一些编年史家把德克萨斯州的帕罗杜洛峡谷标注为“第一个巴兰卡”，在那里科罗纳多决定改变方向，跟着印第安人亚索彼特而不是土耳其人走了，他认为土耳其人几乎毁了他的探险。阿马里洛以南20英里处的帕罗杜洛峡谷州立公园,是“德克萨斯”的表演场所，一个描述19世纪80年代德州生活的户外音乐剧,它让老年人追忆起他们的父母和童年时代,但是没有涉及更久远的科罗纳多的经历。所以我要来跟你说说，现在呢，我要告诉你科罗纳多是如何陷入困境的，这几乎使他的远征提前结束了。(顺便提一下，这部关于19世纪80年代拓荒者生活的音乐剧每年夏天上演。)当然，这和我或科罗纳多没有关系。如果你感兴趣，可以点击一下这个链接。
Palo Duro Canyon in Texas marks what some chroniclers called the “First Barranca” where Coronado changed directions after deciding to follow the directions of the Indian Ysopete instead of the Turk's, who, he concluded, had successfully almost ruined his expedition. Palo Duro Canyon State Park, about 20 miles south of Amarillo, is also the performance site of “Texas,” an outdoor musical depicting Texas life in the 1880s, which is recent enough for old timers to harken back to their parents and childhood memories, but not old enough to depict Coronado’s experience. That’s why you’re hearing from me, and now I’m going to tell you how Coronado got into the jam that just about put an early end to him and his expedition. (The musical play about 1880s pioneer life runs summers, by the way.) Nothing to do with me or Coronado. Click the link if you’re interested.

● 在帕洛杜洛峡谷州立公园的户外音乐历史戏剧
● Texas - Outdoor musical historic drama in Palo Duro Canyon State Park

● 十天天气预报
● 10 day weather forecast

接下来我要讲的是
This next part I’m calling

科罗纳多去德克萨斯的旅行或者堪萨斯印第安人差点灭了欧洲第一次在美洲西南部的远征
Coronado’s Excursion to Texas or A Kansas Indian’s Near Success at Killing Off the First European Expedition to the American Southwest

关于科罗纳多和他的同伴是如何在帕罗杜洛峡谷结束的，现在听听这个(前内政部长斯图尔特·尤德尔的讲法在一些细节上有所不同)，这个描述来自于：
As to how Coronado and company wound up in Palo Duro Canyon, now hear this (although former Interior Secretary Stewart Udall differs on some of the details: This account is drawn from

赫伯特·伊·博尔顿，科罗纳多:《普韦布洛斯和平原的骑士》(新墨西哥大学出版社，1949年):
Herbert E. Bolton, Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1949):

哈维库是科罗纳多[在新墨西哥州]征服的第一个西波拉镇，他在那里建了一个总部，然后马上邀请了周围社区的居民来访。来的人当中，有两位人来自西奎克(今新墨西哥州佩科斯的前身)。佩科斯国家历史公园(走U.S.25号公路在圣达菲路东南25英里处)保留着两个西班牙传教教堂的遗迹，它们位于尚未挖掘的西奎克废墟上,是一个多层的普韦布洛公共居住区，曾经居住了2000人,只要还在,它一直是圣达菲路上的一个路标性建筑)。
Upon establishing a headquarters at Hawikuh, the first Cibolan town he conquered [in New Mexico], Coronado invited visits from residents of surrounding communities. Among those responding were two natives of Cicúique (predecessor of present day Pecos, New Mexico. Pecos National Historical Park (which is 25 miles southeast of Santa Fe via U.S. 25) preserves the ruins of two Spanish mission churches which sit above the unexcavated ruins of Cicúique, a multi-story communal pueblo dwelling once housing 2,000 and which, when still visible, was a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail.)

西班牙人给这两个印第安人起了两个绰号:小胡子(长胡须的那位)和酋长(领头那位)。有了这两个印第安人作向导，科罗纳多派出了埃尔南多·德·阿尔瓦拉多率领的二十人部队前往向导的家乡。
The Spanish dubbed the two Indians Bigotes (Whiskers) and Cacique (Chief). With these two Indians for guides, Coronado sent a force of twenty under Hernando de Alvarado to the guides’ home town.

在那里，阿尔瓦拉多看到了当地的居民，包括两个被小胡子和酋长抓来当奴隶的堪萨斯大草原印第安人。其中一个(西班牙人称他为“土耳其人，因为他长得像土耳其人”)向阿尔瓦拉多透露说，小胡子有一个他从基维拉(堪萨斯)带来的金手镯。当阿尔瓦拉多考虑到金手镯所暗示的前景时，他开始陷入了小胡子的阴谋中，他们想要在他的土地上消灭西班牙人。他向科罗纳多讲述了这个所谓的来自堪萨斯州的金手镯。科罗纳多的回应是让他的军队踏上前往既定的地方，基维拉。
There, Alvarado saw the residents, including two Kansas prairies Indians that Bigotes and Cacique had captured for slaves. One of these (whom the Spanish dubbed “The Turk, because he looked like one,” confided to Alvarado that Bigotes had a golden bracelet of his that he had brought from Quivira (Kansas). When Alvarado considered the prospect of what the golden bracelet implied, he proceeded to become ensnared in Bigotes’ plot to rid his land of the Spanish. He told Coronado of the alleged golden bracelet from Kansas. Coronado responded by setting his army on the path to the promised land of Quivira.

依靠土耳其人的指引，科罗纳多和他的军队最终走到了特哈斯(德克萨斯州)，而不是基维拉(堪萨斯州)。(那两个地方都没有黄金,我得补充一下。)在离开之前，科罗纳多准备了三十天的军队装备,他幸亏没有听土耳其人的提议,因为那是不必要的,而且马会被累死,无法运回他们可能会发现的黄金白银”。当然,一路上的食物是很充足的。
By relying on the Turk for directions, Coronado and his troops ended up walking to Tejas (Texas), not Quivira (Kansas). (There was no gold in either, I might add.) Before leaving, Coronado equipped the army for thirty days, and fortunately for him, did not listen to the Turk’s proposal that this was unnecessary as the horses would become tired “and unable to bring back all the gold and silver they would find” and that, anyway, food was plentiful on the way.

对科罗纳多来说，不幸的是他没有听另一个基维拉奴隶，伊索皮特的话，远征前往基维拉后不久，这个奴隶就一直说他们走错了路。直到他们到达德克萨斯州的图莱峡谷，科罗纳多才认真听取了伊索皮特的建议。直到那时，他才允许伊索皮特带领他和一支30人的小部队前往基维拉(堪萨斯)，并让其余的探险队回到阿尔加福(阿尔伯克基)的出发地，由在德克萨斯州遇见的特哈斯印第安人引路。因为带领他们来到基维拉，科罗纳多在他的家乡释放了一个伊索皮特人。
Unfortunately for Coronado, he also did not listen to the other Quiviran slave, Ysopete, who, soon after the expedition left for Quivira, kept insisting they were going the wrong way. Not until they reached Tule Canyon in Texas did Coronado give Ysopete a serious hearing. Only then did he allow Ysopete to lead him and a small force of thirty to Quivira (Kansas), having sent the rest of the expedition back to their starting point of Alcanfor (Albuquerque) guided by Tejas Indians met in Texas. For having led them to Quivira, Coronado released a now free Ysopete in his home land.

尽管科罗纳多认为“土耳其人”活着比死了更有用，但在他的部下们的坚持下，他在“土耳其人”认罪后杀了他，并暗示奇西里克的当地人参与了阴谋。
Though Coronado thought the Turk more useful alive than dead, at the insistence of his troops he had him killed after the Turk confessed, implicating natives of Ciciiique in the plot.

科罗纳多在给国王的一封信中全面讲述了这一切。
Coronado summed things up in a letter to the King.

弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯·德·科罗纳多，“……给国王……”，译。乔治·帕克·温希普《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》，(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第583页：
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, “… al emperador …,” trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), p. 583:

……我敢肯定,在那个国家没有任何黄金或其它金属，他们告诉我的，无非就是一些小村庄,在那里的很多地方,他们不种任何植物,没有任何房子，就有一些兽皮和棍棒,他们带着牛(野牛)四处游荡;所以他们跟我的讲是假的，因为他们想说服我带着全部人马去那里，因为他们相信，经过这样无人居住的沙漠，由于缺水，我们和我们的马都会饿死在那里。向导们承认了这一点，说他们这么做就是听从了这些省份的当地人的劝告和命令。
... what I am sure of is that there is not any gold nor any other metal in all that country, and the other things of which they had told me are nothing but little villages, and in many of these they do not plant anything and do not have any houses except of skins and sticks, and they wander around with the cows [buffalo]; so that the account they gave me was false, because they wanted to persuade me to go there with the whole force, believing that as the way through such uninhabited deserts, and from the lack of water, they would get us where we and our horses would die of hunger. And the guides confessed this, and said they had done it by the advice and orders of the natives of these provinces.

总的来说，科罗纳多和他的同伴们从佩科斯到德克萨斯州和堪萨斯州的往返旅程中走了将近2000英里。虽然他们经历了很多，看到了很多，并且一路记录了许多新鲜事物，但是没有找到他们梦寐以求的黄金。
In all, Coronado and company had marched a little shy of 2000 miles on the round trip from Pecos to Texas and Kansas. Though they had many experiences and saw many new things they chronicled along the way and afterwards, they did not find the gold they sought.

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