科罗纳多CORONADO

西班牙最终成功地驱逐了早些时候入侵该国的非天主教摩尔人，刚从西班牙来的哥伦布和他的同伴们可以以印第安人不是基督徒为理由征服他们。梵蒂冈不反对统治那些拒绝基督教的人。哥伦布和其他寻求财富的征服者们发现，强制性的印第安人劳工是最受欢迎的。
Fresh from a Spain that had finally succeeded in expelling the non-Catholic moors who had earlier invaded the country, Columbus and his peers could justify subjugating the Indians on the grounds that they were not Christian. The Vatican had no problem with the idea of lording it over peoples who rejected Christianity. And Columbus and other conquistadors seeking wealth found coercible Indian labor a most welcome discovery.

但拉斯·卡萨斯和其他改革者们认为，印第安人没有机会拒绝基督教，因为他们从未听说过基督教，因此应该首先被告知基督教，以便他们作出决定。皇室的回答是提供一份《声明》:他们要求向西班牙遇到的任何一个印第安人宣读一份声明，这样就可以在其它事情发生之前能够默许或拒绝。
But Las Casas and other reformers argued the Indians had not had a chance to reject Christianity because they had never heard of it, and therefore should be informed about it first, so they could decide. The Requerimento was the Royals’ answer: they required a statement be read to any group of Indians the Spanish encountered and thus be enabled to acquiesce or decline before anything else happened.

西班牙的冒险家们发现这是皇室第一次对他们的征服活动设置了一个必要阻碍。冈萨洛·费尔南德斯·德·奥维耶多是第一个大声朗读这篇神学宣言的人，当地人可能没有注意到，这篇宣言是为战争和奴役正名的。1514年6月14日，他在现在的哥伦比亚/巴拿马的一个废弃村庄前背诵了《声明》，陪同他的军事警卫为此开怀大笑。
The Spanish adventurers found this first Royal attempt to rein them in no more than a necessary impediment to getting on with the business of conquest. Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo was the first to read aloud this theological proclamation which, if not heeded by its native audience, justified war and enslavement. On June 14, 1514, he recited the Requerimento before a deserted village in what is now Columbia/Panama, presenting the military guard accompanying him an occasion to guffaw.

拉斯·卡萨斯揭露了墨西哥和秘鲁的这种过分的征服行为，这促使皇室决心让那些信奉这种精神和听他们话的人掌权。他们的目的是让西班牙人成为美洲印第安人的臣民。
Las Casas’ revelations of such conquistador excesses in Mexico and Peru led to the royals’ resolve to put people in charge who embraced the spirit as well as the letter of their dictates. Their goal was to make Spanish subjects of the American Indians.

门多萨正是费迪南国王所寻找的那种人。门多萨对科罗纳多的指示是认真的。
Mendoza was the kind of man King Ferdinand sought. Mendoza’s instructions to Coronado were in earnest.

任命科罗纳多为远征西波拉的指挥官，1540年1月6日”(编译)，来自乔治·彼·哈蒙德和阿加皮托·雷伊编的《科罗纳多探险队的叙述》(阿尔伯克基，新墨西哥大学出版社，1940年)，第84 - 85页:
Appointment of Coronado as Commander of the Expedition to Cibola, January 6, 1540” (trans. the eds.), in George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds., Narratives of the Coronado Expedition (Albuquerque, Un. of New Mexico Press, 1940), pp. 84 - 85:

"......你们要特别小心保护和保卫这些土地和他们的原住民......
"... that you will take special care in the protection and defense of the said lands and their natives...

"......这样你就可以听到所有的这些民事和刑事诉讼，它们可能发生在西班牙人之间，也可能发生在你所经过或居住地的当地人之间，也可能发生在西班牙人和他们之间。
"... that you may hear and shall hear all the civil and criminal litigation which may arise and come up among the said Spaniards, and among the natives of the lands you travel through or stay in, and between the said Spaniards and them.

"对于你们可能路经或居住地的土著印第安人的治疗，你应该做什么，怎么做，我们要求你必须观察和严格遵守我们已经发布的规定指令中的配方，以安抚这些新领地。你所携带的这些指示，由我们的总督和上述秘书签署。根据上述处罚条例，你不得超越该指示的要领及内容。
"As to the treatment of the native Indians of the lands you may travel through or stay in, and what you are to do and per­form there, we order you to observe and comply to the letter with what is prescribed in the instructions we have ordered issued and which are given to persons who go to discover and pacify new lands, as you are doing. These instructions you are carrying with you, signed by our said viceroy and the above stated secretary. You are not to exceed or go beyond their tenor and contents, under the penalties prescribed in the said instructions.

…...你将在我们的命令和支持下，去发现和安抚这些新领地，并使当地人了解我们神圣的天主教信仰，并将这片土地纳入到我们的皇家版图中......
...you are going, by our command and in our service, to the discovery and pacification of the said new land and to bring its natives to the knowledge of our holy Catholic faith and to bring the land under our royal crown....

门多萨指示阿拉尔孔进行第二次航行(结果这次航行一直没有泄露出去，因为科罗纳多先回来了)。
Mendoza instructed Alarcon regarding a second voyage (which, as it happens, never transpired, Coronado having returned first).

给阿拉尔孔的指示，1541年”（编译），乔治·彼·哈蒙德和阿加皮托·雷伊编的《科罗纳多探险队的叙述》(阿尔伯克基，新墨西哥大学出版社，1940年)，第121-122页:
Instructions to Alarcon, 1541” (trans. the eds.), in George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds., Narratives of the Coronado Expedition (Albuquerque, Un. of New Mexico Press, 1940), pp. 121-122:

"你要好好对待和你一起来的印第安人，这样当他们到达自己的国家时，他们就会引导其他人对你友好。
"The Indians that you are taking with you are to be treated well in order that when they reach their countries they may induce the others to be friendly to you.

"你们要特别小心，不可亵渎我们主的名声，也不可亵渎他神圣的母亲还有圣徒们；相反，他们必须受到尊敬。你和你的同伴们应当经常实践基督教信仰,要像天主教徒一样，这样就不会给当地的土著人树立一个坏榜样，它们会因为你的美德和善行与你们建立友谊和联系。
"You must take particular care that there is no blasphemy of the name of our Lord, His blessed Mother, or the saints; on the contrary, they must be revered. You and your men shall regu­larly practice the Christian faith and live like Catholics in order that you may not set a bad example to the natives of the land where you may be, but that they may be attracted to friendship and association with you through your virtues and good deeds.

"你应该确保奎卡马和科马的首领们丝毫不恼怒或受伤，因为他们以前是那么热情地欢迎你们的。
"You should see to it that the chiefs of Quicama and Coama are not annoyed or injured in the least, for they welcomed you so graciously before.

"在与印第安人打交道和交谈时，要尽量谨慎些，一次比一次更谨慎。
"Try to be more discreet in your dealings and conversation with the Indians, for it seems that it is necessary to be more circumspect with them than you were the last time.

"你要加强监督，杜绝你的手下伤害印第安人，不从他们手里抢夺任何东西，也不得未经你的许可擅自进入他们的房屋。
"You must watch very carefully that your people do not do any harm or violence to the Indians, that they do not take anything from them against their will, nor enter their houses without your permission.

"此外，你应该…….怀着善意去了解那片土地，不到万不得已，要避免对印第安人发动战争。
"Further, you shall … through kindness try to learn what there may be in that land You are to avoid waging war against the Indians unless you should be forced to it.

另外，如果你在任何地方建定居点，一定不要建在印第安人中间，而要在远离他们的地方。你必须下令，任何西班牙人或其他同伴不得擅自进入印第安人的城镇或房屋，除非有你的特别命令。如果为了去那里办一些必需的事情而给某人办许可令，那么这个人必须是你信任的人，他不会做一些不适当的事情。你一定要遵守这个命令，因为它比你想象的重要得多。
Further, should you establish a settlement anywhere it must not be among the Indians, but away from them. You shall command that no Spaniard or other person accompanying you enter the Indian towns or houses except by your express com­mand. Whenever you issue a permit to any one to go there for some necessary thing, it must be a person you know that you can trust not to do something improper. Be sure you observe this command, for it is more important than you can imagine.

门多萨对科罗纳多和阿拉尔孔的指令在一定程度上是有法律效应的，尽管这个程度取决于远征的成败。简而言之，科罗纳多和探险队的其他人在返回新西班牙时受到了审讯。科罗纳多面临的指控包括:
Mendoza’s instructions to Coronado and Alarcon had teeth, to a degree, though the degree apparently was a function of the expedition’s success or failure. In brief, Coronado and others on the expedition were tried on their return to New Spain. Among the charges Coronado faced were:

“对科罗纳多的指控”（编译），乔治·皮·哈蒙德和阿加皮托·雷伊编，《科罗纳多探险队叙事》(阿尔伯克基，新墨西哥大学出版社，1940)，第394-395页:
"Charges against Coronado” (trans. the eds.), in George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds., Narratives of the Coronado Expedition (Albuquerque, Un. of New Mexico Press, 1940), pp. 394-395:

另外，在科拉松斯山谷建立了一个西班牙小镇[名为圣杰罗尼莫]，[科罗纳多]应该安排一些有能力和可靠的人来负责它，以执行司法和平定所述省份。(他选择的人是一名军官，但这个梅尔基奥·迪奥在前往加利福尼亚湾的探险中去世了，留下了一名非军官负责这座城市。)因为[科罗纳多]疏忽大意了，他没有选择一个有能力的人来管理这个城镇和居民，他所留下的那些人作恶凌辱当地人，于是当地人就起来造反，杀了许多西班牙人，后来只能弃城了，周边的人也都起来反抗了。
Further: Having established a Spanish town [named San Gerónimo] in the valley of Corazones, [Coronado] should have placed some able and reliable person in charge of it to administer justice and pacify the said prov­ince. [The man he chose was an officer, but this Melchior Díor died on the expedition to the Gulf of California, leaving a non-officer in charge of the town.] Because [Coronado] was remiss in not choos­ing a competent person to govern the town and its people and because of the evil deeds and ill treatment shown to the natives by the person or persons he left there, the natives of the province rebelled and killed many Spaniards, and the town was abandoned, and the neighboring people revolted.

尽管科罗纳多的探险队确实对当地人犯下了暴行，但他最终被新西班牙法庭无罪释放了。
Although Coronado’s expedition did commit atrocities against the natives, he was ultimately acquitted by the court of New Spain.

奥拉AURA

当然，他从来没有被印第安人审判过。
Of course he was never tried by the Indians.

科罗纳多CORONADO

好的！好的！
Okay ! Okay !

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