科罗纳多CORONADO

作为与当地居民建立良好关系的举措之一，科罗纳多打算与印第安人进行贸易，以换取粮食，而不仅仅靠武力去抢夺。在去西波拉的路上，探险队的口粮不足。科罗纳多向门多萨描述了他们是如何解决的:
As part of the effort to establish good relations with the native population, Coronado meant to trade with the Indians for provisions, not just take them by force. On the way to Cibola, the expedition ran low on rations. Coronado wrote Mendoza how they managed:

弗朗西斯科·卡斯克·德·科罗纳多，“……安东尼奥·德·门多萨先生”，乔治·帕克·温希普译，《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》，(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第553-554页:
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, “… al Signor Antonio de Mendoza …,” trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), pp. 553-4:

在心之谷，我们发现这里的人口比其它地方都要多......还有大片的耕地。那里没有玉米食品,但我听说在另一个叫做思鸟柔的山谷里有一些的,当然我不想去强行侵犯,于是我派梅尔基奥·迪亚兹带着商品去交换,然后送给跟着我们来的那些友好的印第安人,以及一路上失去了动物，没有带上从库利亚坎拿来的食品的人。在我们的主的恩惠下，通过这种贸易，我们获得了一些玉米，解救了这些友好的印第安人和西班牙人。
In the Valley of Hearts we found more people than in any part of the country …. and a large extent of tilled ground. There was no corn for food among them, but as I heard that there was some in another valley called Señora, which I did not wish to disturb by force, I sent Melchior Diaz with goods to exchange for it so as to give this to the friendly Indians whom we brought with us, and to some who had lost their animals along the way and had not been able to carry the food which they had taken from Culiacan. By the favor of Our Lord, some little corn was obtained by this trading, which relieved the friendly Indians and some Spaniards.

关于奎维里亚(堪萨斯州)的土著人，科罗纳多给国王写道:
Regarding the natives of Quiviria (Kansas), Coronado wrote the King:

弗朗西斯科·卡斯克·德·科罗纳多，“……给国王......”，乔治·帕克·温希普译，第583页:
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, “… al emperador …,” trans. George Parker Winship, p 583:

……他们没有受到我和同伴们的任何伤害。
… they have received no harm in any way from me or from those who went in my company.

他知道国王想听什么，并投其所好。
He knew what the King wanted to hear, and tried to act accordingly.

但有时，他的部队的某些自认为必要的行为违背了科罗纳多的善意：例如，在今天阿尔布开克以北的格兰德河谷村庄(泰桂克斯)，营地负责人卡德纳斯为西班牙人准备了远离普韦布洛人的住处。但是随着冬天的到来，他要求那12个普韦布洛村落中的其中一个腾出地方来供军队使用。(阿尔坎福，接近现在的伯纳利奥)接下来，驻扎的军队需要食物和额外的衣物。但是邻近的普韦布洛人也需要这些，他们没有邀请军队，也没有为军队提供粮食。虽然科罗纳多有可以交换食物和衣服的商品，但是当地人并不感兴趣。他的部队只能诉诸武力了。
But occasionally what his troops viewed as necessity overtook Coronado’s good intentions: At the Rio Grande River valley villages (Tiguex) north of present-day Albuquerque, for example, Camp Master Cardenas prepared lodging for the Spanish away from the pueblos. But as winter came along, he asked one of the twelve pueblos to vacate for use of the army. (Alcanfor near present-day Bernalillo) Next, the encamped army needed food and extra clothing. But so did the neighboring pueblos, and they hadn’t invited the army or provisioned for it. Though Coronado had goods to trade for food and clothing, the natives were not interested. His troops resorted to force.

佩德罗·德·卡斯塔内达，“西波拉日记...…”，纳斯拉， ~1562年，乔治·帕克·温希普译，第几页：
Pedro de Castañeda, “Relación de la jornada de Cíbola … ,” Nacera, ~1562, trans. George Parker Winship, p.:

“在这种情况下，当地人也无能为力，只好投降，并上缴......一个士兵这样写道。
“Under the circumstances there was nothing the natives could do but take off their own cloaks and hand them over ….” is what one soldier wrote.

这一事件，还有别的一些事件导致了一场印第安人起义，导致了3名西班牙人和103名随行土著人死亡。
This and other incidents led to an Indian uprising that left three Spaniards and 103 of the natives accompanying the expedition dead.

尽管科罗纳多在给国王的信中没有提及这些，但是消息还是传到了国王的耳中。当远征队回到新西班牙后，科罗纳多和卡德纳斯都受到了审判。
Though Coronado did not mention any of this in his letter to the Emperor, news did reach him, and Coronado and Cardenas were put on trial after the expedition returned to New Spain.

在必要的时候，为了获取物质资源，在远征中违背一点外交礼仪，似乎是值得的。在科罗纳多的审判中也提到了一件在他写给国王的信中没有提到的事情:
Achieving the materialistic ends of the expedition seemed worth overriding diplomacy and civility when necessary. One such incident which Coronado also did not include in his letter to the Emperor was also addressed in Coronado’s trial:

正义,文件1021, 第4部分”，乔治·哈蒙德和阿加皮托·雷伊译，《科罗纳多远征纪录1540-1542》，(阿尔伯克基:新墨西哥大学出版社，1940年)，第327页:
Justicia, legajo 1021, pieze 4,” trans. George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1940), p. 327:

"弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯被问到，在得知上述问题之后，他是否命令释放狗去强迫那些印第安大胡子们说出金手镯的来源......
"Francisco Vazquez was asked if, upon learning what is stated in the preceding questions, he ordered the dogs unleashed on the Indian Bigotes to force him to tell about the [source of a gold] bracelet...

他说,弗雷·胡安·德·帕迪利亚告诉他,服务君主是十分重要的,被西班牙人称之为土耳其人的那些人知道这个富裕国家的真相,他们说大胡子们从他手里拿到了那个金手镯和珠宝。
He said that Fray Juan de Padilla told him that it was very important to the service of his Majesty that the truth about the rich country mentioned by [the Indian the Spanish called] the Turk be learned, that this could be found out from Bigotes, who, the Turk claimed, had [taken] the gold bracelet and jewels [from him].

尽管科罗纳多否认了虐待大胡子们的许可，历史学家赫伯特·伊·博尔顿的《科罗纳多:普韦布洛斯和平原骑士》，(阿尔伯克基:新墨西哥大学出版社，1949年)，第200页得出结论说，他确实允许那么做了，同时也补充说，在16世纪的欧洲，喂狗是一种惯例。但那里不是欧洲，大胡子们所在的部落不高兴了。
Though Coronado denied permitting torture of Bigotes, historian Herbert E. Bolton, Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains, (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1949), p. 200 concludes that he did, but adds that dog-baiting was routine in sixteenth century Europe. But this wasn’t Europe, and the tribe Bigotes belonged to wasn’t pleased.

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