科罗纳多CORONADO

考虑到西班牙人的看法，一个和平的结局将是一个奇迹:
A peaceful conclusion would have been a miracle considering how the Spanish saw things:

• 科罗纳多的军队认为，他们正朝着他们想要的战利品前进，就像科尔特斯和皮萨罗领导下的其他人在墨西哥和秘鲁所做的那样。
• Coronado’s troops believed they were marching towards a prize they meant to have, just as others had already done in Mexico and Peru under Cortes and Pizzaro.

• 科罗纳多的队伍里有科尔特斯的老兵赫尔南多·德·阿尔瓦拉多(首先到达布法罗平原和格兰德河 (泰桂克斯))，以及夺取印加战利品的披萨罗秘鲁战役的老兵阿方索·曼里克·德劳拉。如果允许的话，科尔特斯本人也会在那里。
• Among Coronado’s troops were such as Cortes veteran Hernando de Alvarado (first to reach the Buffalo plains and the Rio Grande (Tiguex)), and Alfonso Manrique de Lara, veteran of Pizzaro’s Peruvian campaign that took the Incan spoils. Cortes himself would have been there if he’d been allowed.

• 他们读了一些西波拉人无法拒绝的《条约》要求，通过翻译，再难的东西，西波拉人就能理解。
• They read the Requerimiento’s offer the Cibolans could not refuse through an interpretor, such that the Cibolans could understand it as much as they could understand anything so incredible.

• 由于无法与阿拉尔孔的补给船取得联系，士兵们在接近哈维库时已经饥肠辘辘，急需食物。
• Because of failure to make contact with Alarcon’s supply ships, the troops were hungry and desperate for food by the time they approached Hawikuh,

弗朗西斯科·卡斯克·德·科罗纳多，“……安东尼奥·德·门多萨先生”，乔治·帕克·温希普译，《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》，(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第556页:
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, “… al Signor Antonio de Mendoza …,” trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), p. 556:

……因为[正如科罗纳多所说的]，我们[剩下的]玉米不足两蒲式耳了。
… since [as Coronado said,] altogether we did not have two bushels of corn [left].

考虑到西波拉人看待事物的方式，一个和平的结局也将是一个奇迹:
A peaceful conclusion also would have been a miracle considering how the Cibolans saw things:

• 他们已经有了敌人:其他印第安人。
• They already had enemies: other Indians.

• 他们已经见过拿着敌方葫芦摇铃的黑人埃斯特班，他令人费解地声称自己是白人基督徒的先行者。
• They had already met the black Esteban carrying an enemy’s gourd rattle and incomprehensibly claiming to be the front man for white Christians.

• 他们的家门口有一支大约由100名白人组成的部队，其中80人骑在马上，(剩下还有大约900人(包括印第安人)在库利亚坎等着稍后再来。)
• They had on their doorstep a force of approximately a hundred white men, eighty of them on horseback, (the rest, approximating 900 (including the Indians), were in Culiacan waiting to come along later.)

甚至有一段时间，在和平抗议遭到拒绝后，牧师弗雷·马科斯·德·尼扎也同意科罗纳多攻占这座城市。弗雷·马科斯并不喜欢战争:尽管他的侦察报告促使科罗纳多去探险,他也同情那些秘鲁的印加人，他还提供材料给巴托洛米·德·拉斯·卡萨斯的关于印度群岛破坏的小册子)。
There came a moment when even the priest Frey Marcos de Nizza gave Coronado his approval to storm the city after peaceful protestations were rebuffed. And Frey Marcos was not into war: Although he’s the one whose reconnaissance reports led to Coronado’s expedition, he’s also the one whose sympathetic eye-witness account of what happened to the Inca in Peru provided the material for Bartolome de las Casas’ polemical pamphlets on the destruction of the Indies).

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