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赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编，《改变的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第87页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 87:

清教徒在北方的普利茅斯定居之前，1616年爆发了一场流行病，根据当时的资料，90%的沿海印第安人死亡了。
The Pilgrim settlement to the north at Plymouth was preceeded by an epidemic that began in 1616 and, said contemporary sources, killed 90 percent of the coastal Indians.

在史密森学会纪念哥伦布登陆纪念会上我获得了一本书，里面说到了1948年由埃斯·艾夫·库克和艾尔·彼·辛普森做的一项研究，研究表明1519年科尔特斯来的时候，墨西哥中部的人口大约有1100万,但是到1540年才700万了,到1597年,只剩下300万。秘鲁的数据也类似。
A 1948 study by S. F. Cook and L. B. Simpson that’s mentioned in a book I picked up at the Smithsonian’s commemoration of Columbus’ arrival noted that the population of central Mexico in 1519 when Cortés arrived was roughly eleven million, though by 1540 it was less than seven million and by 1597, three million. Similar stats for Peru.

在某些方面，印第安人在欧洲人到达之前比欧洲人做得更好:
In some respects, the Indians had it better than the Europeans before they arrived:

维奥拉，第222-223页：
Viola, pp. 222 -223:

在15和16世纪的欧洲，每三个孩子中就有一个一岁时就死了，只有不到一半的孩子能活到15岁。营养不良和传染病是造成这一高死亡率的主要原因。[另一方面，在阿兹特克人中]常见的健康问题有肠道紊乱、头痛、咳嗽和发烧。
In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe, one out of every three children died in the first year, and less than half survived to age fifteen. Poor nutrition and infectious disease were major contributors to this high mortality. [Among the Aztecs, on the other hand,] common health complaints included intestinal disorders, headaches, coughs, and fevers.

"在个人卫生方面，西班牙征服者有很多东西要向对手阿兹特克人学习。在16世纪的欧洲，人们很少洗澡。然而，阿兹特克人非常注重个人卫生。他们定期在溪流和湖泊里洗澡，也经常洗桑拿。特诺奇蒂特兰的大多数居民都有一个澡堂，那是一个小型的圆形结构，靠墙外生火取暖。沐浴者进入屋子，向墙壁泼水，产生蒸汽。蒸汽浴既用于个人清洁，也用于治疗咳嗽，发烧和关节问题。阿兹特克人也认识到牙齿卫生的重要性，经常用木炭粉和盐清洁牙齿。
"In terms of personal hygiene, the Spanish conquis­tador had much to learn from his Aztec adversary. Bathing was a seldom-practiced ritual in sixteenth-century Europe. [However,] the Aztec people were meticulous about per­sonal hygiene. They bathed regularly in streams and lakes, and took frequent sweat baths as well. Most dwellings in Tenochtitlán had a bathhouse, a small, circular structure that was heated by a fire built against the outer wall. The bather entered the structure and threw water against the wall to pro­duce steam. Steam baths were used for personal cleaning, as well as to treat coughs, fevers, and joint problems. The Aztecs also recognized the im­portance of dental hygiene and cleaned their teeth regularly with powdered charcoal and salt.

外科医生是陪同西班牙征服者和早期殖民者来在个人卫生方面，西班牙征服者有很多东西要向对手阿兹特克人学习。在16世纪的欧洲，人们很少洗澡。然而，阿兹特克人非常注重个人卫生。他们定期在溪流和湖泊里洗澡，也经常洗桑拿。特诺奇蒂特兰的大多数居民都有一个澡堂，那是一个小型的圆形结构，靠墙外生火取暖。沐浴者进入屋子，向墙壁泼水，产生蒸汽。蒸汽浴既用于个人清洁，也用于治疗咳嗽，发烧和关节问题。阿兹特克人也认识到牙齿卫生的重要性，经常用木炭粉和盐清洁牙齿。到新大陆的医务人员。征服者们经常向阿兹特克医生求助，而不愿向本国同胞求助，这表明他们普遍对自己的医术缺乏信心。在阿兹特克社会中有许多治疗师经常结合仪式活动和草药疗法，来专门治疗某些特殊疾病。大约用了1200株植物......
Barber-surgeons were the medical personnel who accompanied the Spanish conquistadores and early colonists to the New World. A general lack of confi­dence in their medical skill is suggested by the fact that conquistadores frequently sought out Aztec practitioners for health complaints, in preference to their fellow countrymen. There were many healers in Aztec society who specialized in particular ailments, and treatment frequently com­bined ritual activities and herbal remedies. Some twelve hundred plants were used...

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